Reference and inference- Anaphoric reference

Reference and inference

1.      What is the difference between semantic and pragmatic reference?

Semanticists point out that many words do not in fact refer to the extermal world at all. In using the term sense rather than reference, Crystal explains that "the focus of the modern subject [of semantics] is on the way people relate words to each other within the framework of their language"

Anaphoric reference

1.      Anaphora involves two kinds of linking, what are they?

Anaphora is an important concept for different reasons and on different levels: first, anaphora indicates how discourse is constructed and maintained; second, anaphora binds different syntactical elements together at the level of the sentence; third, anaphora presents a challenge to natural language processing in computational linguistics, since the identification of the reference can be difficult; and fourth, anaphora tells us some things about how language is understood and processed, which is relevant to fields of linguistics interested in cognitive psychology.