Glossary

Glossary

 

1.      Semantic: is the study of the relationship between words and meanings, this relation includes the relation of words to the objects denoted by them, also the relation to the interpreters or the users of the words and the relation of signs or syntax. Not tied the context.

2.      Pragmatic: is the study of the meaning of some expressions or utterances that the speaker says and how it is interpreted by a listener according to the context.

3.      Speech acts: are the communicative acts or expressions that suggest a particular purpose, convey a particular meaning like requests, offers, and according to that, the possible answers to the listeners.

4.    Politeness: in a conversation, it is an established expression or command to show respect, sympathy, kindness to another person.

5.    Face-Threatening Acts: Are those feelings or the conscious that people especially adults had, when they are communicating or learning a second language, because they feel fear or shame to the other people thought.

6.    Negative face (Negative ≠ bad): A person’s negative face is silent and quiet, prefers be alone, that person does not need to do friends, is independent.

7.    Positive Face: A person’s positive face is friendly and kindness because need to be accepted to form part a specific group, and express with the other people of the group their feelings and thoughts.

8.    Communicative competence: is the ability to communicate or express something you want, using their language competences in general, and also specifics like linguistic competences, sociolinguistic competences, pragmatic competences.

9.      Semantic competence: handles about the organization of the meaning in the conscious and awareness of learners. Explain the lexical semantics, which deals with questions of word meaning like reference or connotation, also interlexical relations, such as synonymy, antonym.

10. Sociolinguistic competence: is concerned with the knowledge and skills required to be accepted in the society, the basic rules or norms we have to take into account depending to the context and the language use. Example: linguistic markers of social relations; politeness conventions; expressions of folk-wisdom; and dialect and accent.

11. Pragmatic competences are concerned with the ability and knowledge about the messages and principles in communication that the user learnt in different context or cultures. Example, discourse competence, functional competence, design competence.

12. Discourse competence is the ability of a user to organize sentences in sequence so as to produce coherent chunks of sentences of language. Also this concern the ability to control the ordering of sentences in terms of: topic or focus, cause and effect, also the ability to structure and manage discourse in terms of: thematic organisation, coherence and cohesion, logical ordering etc.

13. Foreign Language (FL): When the target language is not the main language spoken in their real life or context. Students learn in the classroom sometime they want to learn.

14. Second Language (SL): When the person is learning the second language immerse in the context, the most people speak this language and to learn becoming in a necessity.

15. Teaching of pragmatics:  the purpose is to the students learnt and they are able to communicate in specific situations, using the correct expressions depending of the context or they want to express, irony, kindness. It I about: speech acts, conversational structure, conversational implicature, etc.

16. Nonverbal communication: is the body language, expressions, gestures that we represent in a conversation, and sometimes is more important than verbal communication, because we can show dislike or like for the topic we are talking.

17. Literal meaning: refers to the semantic meaning or concept, according to the knowledge you already had. No consideration of context is involved.

18. Explicature : Goes beyond the literal meaning. It is the interpretation of the utterance using contextual information and context, related to pragmatics.

19. Implicature:  It is an additional conveyed, suggested meaning that the speaker implies without directly expressing, in order to the listener infers that aspect of the meaning in the utterance.

20. Figurative language: is used in some situations when we are unable to find the words which, used in their literal and conventional meaning or sense, will adequately express our meaning. Examples, irony, metaphor, comparison.